RSYN Proceedings Conference Series Summary RSYN Proceedings is a distinguished conference proceedings series dedicated to publishing and disseminating cutting-edge research across a wide spectrum of scientific disciplines. Our mission is to bridge the gap between groundbreaking conference presentations and enduring, accessible scientific literature. Key Highlights: Comprehensive Coverage: RSYN Proceedings captures the latest findings from a diverse range of scientific meetings, including large-scale international conferences, specialized symposia, and focused workshops. Rapid Dissemination: We prioritize swift publication to ensure that innovative research reaches the global scientific community without delay. Quality Assurance: All submissions undergo a rigorous peer-review process, maintaining high standards of scientific integrity and relevance. Multidisciplinary Scope: While primarily focusing on [main fields, e.g., computer science, artificial intelligence, and data analytics], RSYN Proceedings also covers interdisciplinary research at the forefront of scientific innovation. Global Accessibility: Available in both digital and print formats, RSYN Proceedings ensures worldwide access for researchers, academics, and industry professionals. Collaborative Platform: By publishing conference proceedings, we foster international collaboration and knowledge exchange among researchers and institutions. Archival Value: RSYN Proceedings serves as a permanent record of scientific progress, documenting the evolution of ideas and breakthrough moments in various fields. RSYN Proceedings is committed to advancing scientific knowledge by providing a platform for the timely dissemination of conference-driven research. Our series stands as a testament to the dynamic nature of scientific discovery and the power of collaborative innovation.
Glycerol–Choline Chloride Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent: A GreenAlternative for Caffeine Extraction
Caffeine (C₈H₁₀N₄O₂) is a major bioactive compound present in tea leaves, coffee beans, and chocolate[1]. Caffeine acts a stimulant to our central nervous system and mostly used in food and medicinal products[2]. This has led to increasing interest in developing more environmentally sustainable extraction methods. This study involved the synthesis and application of a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of glycerol (hydrogen bond donor) and choline chloride (hydrogen bond acceptor) for the extraction of caffeine from tea leaves. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to examine the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the synthesised NADES. The pH, viscosity, conductivity, and thermal stability of the NADES were carefully evaluated. Extraction studies were conducted at varying concentrations of NADES (25–100%) to optimise caffeine yield. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and the Folin–Ciocalteu technique to quantify caffeine and total polyphenol content (TPC) respectively. Distinct shifts in key absorption bands in FTIR of NADES prove the molecular interactions, mainly hydrogen bonding, between choline chloride and glycerol. The glycerol–choline chloride NADES demonstrated significantly enhanced extraction efficiency, yielding up to the amount of caffeine compared to conventional solvent systems. This suggests that this NADES combination may serve as an effective greener method for extracting caffeine from tea without using any harmful solvent.
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Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon for Photocatalysis of Organic Dyes: A Sustainable Approach
Rapid industrialization and the resulting generation of hazardous pollutants have become a great concern for protecting human health and ensuring environmental sustainability. Among these pollutants, organic dyes being used in various industries are particularly harmful. Due to complex structures, these dyes are difficult to degrade and pose a serious threat to the environment. It therefore becomes important to design effective methodologies and efficient materials for the degradation of organic dyes. In recent years, conversion of biomass waste into useful carbonaceous materials has attracted attention to various applications ranging from energy to the environment. Excellent physicochemical properties, including tunable morphology, good conductivity, porosity, high surface area and naturally abundant nature, make them potential candidates for photocatalytic applications. The present paper highlights the recent progress in the valorization of plant-based biomass in activated carbon for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. The work discusses the advancements in synthesis protocols, characterization, and activation of biomass-derived carbon materials using different activating agents. The effect of biomass precursors, activation methods, and influencing factors such as temperature, pH, initial dye concentration, and photocatalyst concentration on the photocatalytic efficiency of activated carbon is also discussed. Further, potential applications of activated carbon for photocatalysis of organic dyes are systematically reviewed and analyzed.
Green Nanobiotechnology: Sustainable Advancements in Healthcare, Agriculture, and Environmental Remediation
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative interdisciplinary field driving sustainable innovation in life sciences and biotechnology. By manipulating materials at the nanoscale, researchers have achieved enhanced precision in drug delivery, advanced diagnostic platforms, and novel antimicrobial strategies. Recent developments emphasize green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological sources such as plants, fungi, and bacteria, thereby reducing toxic solvents and energy consumption. In agriculture, nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides improve nutrient efficiency, minimize chemical runoff, and increase productivity while ensuring consumer safety. A significant subfield, green nanotechnology, offers eco-friendly approaches for water purification and bioremediation through bio-based nanoparticle systems. Naturally derived nanomaterials, such as carbon-based nanoparticles, are being used to replace hazardous chemicals and integrate renewable feedstocks in synthesis protocols. These advances align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, promoting sustainable healthcare, food security, and environmentally responsible industrial processes. Despite remarkable progress, further research is required to optimize green synthesis methods, elucidate mechanistic pathways, and expand applications in regenerative medicine and environmental biotechnology. Overall, the integration of nanotechnology with biological systems is reshaping sustainable development by minimizing environmental impact and maximizing benefits across health, agriculture, and industry.
The Little Fly, the Big Impact: Drosophila in Green Chemistry Research
Designing chemical products and processes that minimize or eliminate the usage and production of hazardous materials is the goal of green chemistry principles. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has emerged as a potent in-vivo model organism for evaluating the biological impact, environmental fate, and toxicity of novel, greener chemicals (e.g., catalysts, solvents, or degradable polymers) and the waste products they produce. The short lifespan, low maintenance costs, and conserved genetics with humans (about 75% of human illness genes have a fly ortholog) are the key reasons for the usefulness of Drosophila. It can quickly screen chemical libraries and have the risk profile and biocompatibility assessed of the chemicals created by green synthetic processes. Specifically, Drosophila models provide high-throughput toxicity screening, which makes use of basic metrics like as viability, lifespan, and fecundity to evaluate acute and chronic toxicity across different life stages. They link chemical structure to biological activity by using their transgenic lines to investigate chemical impacts on conserved biological pathways including neurotoxicity, mitochondrial function, or oxidative stress. They are utilized to evaluate the ecological safety and bioaccumulation or biotransformation potential of chemicals in organisms. Drosophila, plays a crucial role in validating the safety and success of green chemistry initiatives from the laboratory to industrial application as it offers a quick, ethical, and genetically tractable animal model system that accelerates the identification of sustainable and benign chemicals.
Synthesis and comprehensive characterization of metal oxide nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic performance
A facile chemical route was used to produce metal oxide nanoparticles with controlled shape and crystallinity. The synthesised materials were characterised by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Surface area analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Structural and morphological studies confirmed the successful production of nanoscale mixed metal oxides. The synthesised nanoparticles are found to have various applications, showing strong photocatalytic performance due to their high surface-to-volume ratio enhancing pollutant adsorption and catalytic efficiency under visible light radiation. This strategy illustrates how mixed oxides absorb visible light, generate charge carriers, and efficiently produce reactive radicals that break down pollutants, making them highly effective for photocatalysis in environmental remediation.
From Silicon to Sustainability, 2D FETs as Building block for Green Electronics
The continuous advancement of field-effect transistors (FETs) has reshaped the electrical performance and energy efficiency of modern semiconductor devices. This study looks at how the electrical characteristics of contemporary FET designs, such as FinFETs, Gate-All-Around (GAA) Nanosheet FETs, and 2D-material-based FETs, are changing. The primary objectives are to identify the critical factors that influence electrical efficiency, such as threshold voltage, subthreshold swing (SS), drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), and power-delay product (PDP), and to examine how latest advancements in devices promote environmentally conscious design. The methodology involves reviewing comparative performance data and experimental trends reported across recent nanoscale transistor studies. Emphasis is placed on electrical parameter analysis rather than structural modeling, evaluating improvements in current drive, leakage reduction, and power optimization under advanced technology nodes. Results indicate that GAA and 2D FETs demonstrate superior gate controllability, lower leakage currents, and reduced dynamic power consumption, supporting sustainable low-voltage operation. Additionally, the integration of eco-friendly channel materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and graphene, reduces process-related carbon footprint and toxic waste generation. Overall, the findings highlight that the emerging trends in FET electrical behavior enable high-speed, low-power device performance and also align with global efforts toward green and energy-efficient semiconductor technology for AI, IoT, and edge applications.
A solvent free mechanochemical route to indole synthesis
Indole is a bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused with a nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. It is a core structural motif present in many synthetic and natural bioactive molecules. Owing to its versatile structure, indole has become a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. It holds immense importance in both synthetic drug development and natural product design, primarily because of its exceptional ability to engage in diverse biological interactions. Indole derivatives are indispensable in the pharmaceutical sector due to their potent activities as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory agents, as well as their role as precursors to psychoactive and neuroprotective compounds. The indole moiety enables rational drug design by enhancing therapeutic efficacy and molecular selectivity. Mechanochemistry is an emerging and influential area of research that employs mechanical forces such as grinding, milling, or shearing to initiate and sustain chemical reactions. Its significance stems from its alignment with the principles of green chemistry, as it minimizes the need for highly volatile and often toxic organic solvents while greatly improving the sustainability and energy efficiency of synthetic processes. The integration of mechanochemical methods into indole synthesis is an important advancement, largely due to their potential to enable solvent-free reactions. Mechanochemical conditions have been successfully applied to numerous indole-forming reactions, often resulting in enhanced efficiencies characterized by shorter reaction times and improved product yields. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the various mechanochemical approaches employed in the synthesis of indole and its pharmaceutically relevant derivatives.
Green Cooling Technologies: Addressing Water Consumption Crisis in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure
The exponential expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has brought about an environmental crisis defined by excessive cooling system water consumption and carbon emissions. Conventional evaporative cooling technologies utilize around 1.5 billion liters of water every day for the world's AI infrastructure, while specific hyperscale data centers consume between 2.5 billion liters every year. This compounds water scarcity in droughtsensitive areas while also leading to thermal pollution. This project explores environmentally friendly replacement technologies for the cooling technologies that are water-intensive. Namely, immersion cooling, free-air cooling, and new heat recovery technologies. Objectives: To evaluate the environmental impacts of conventional AI cooling technologies and analyse the potential of water-free versions for environmental footprint minimization. Methodology: A detailed literature review and comparison of cooling technologies conducted to analyze energy efficiency ratios, utilization of water factors, and carbon discharge statistics of hyperscale and enterprise data centers across a number of climate zones. Results: Immersion cooling showed 91-95% water reduction relative to conventional technologies, while free-air cooling showed 90% or higher energy efficiency for temperate conditions. Heat recovery technologies facilitated thermal energy recovery for co-location facilities. These alternatives lower water consumption by as much as 665 million liters per year per 100MW facility while lowering Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) from 1.
Green Nanomedicine & its Therapeutic Potential
This literature survey/review article examines recent advancements in sustainable methods for synthesizing green nanoparticles and evaluates their effectiveness in therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles are materials engineered at the nanoscale—typically within the range of 1–100 nm—where their extremely small size imparts unique chemical, physical, magnetic, and electronic properties to various metals and non-metals. Conventional industrial synthesis of nanoparticles often relies on toxic chemicals, raising significant environmental and biological safety concerns. To address these limitations, green nanotechnology has emerged as a sustainable approach that minimizes the use of hazardous substances in the production of metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plants, microorganisms, and biopolymers not only eliminates toxic reagents but also enhances cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Green nanomaterials demonstrate remarkable therapeutic potential, showing efficacy in cancer treatment, antimicrobial and antiviral therapies, anti-inflammatory applications, immunomodulation, and regenerative medicine. Despite these promising biomedical applications, the translation of nanomaterials into clinical practice faces challenges, including safety validation, ethical considerations, and regulatory approval processes. This review explores recent innovations in sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and critically assesses their potential and limitations in therapeutic applications
Engineering Living Biosensors: Integrating Bio-Computing Principles for Sustainable Environmental Monitoring
Industrial and agricultural pollutants contribute a significant role in global environmental degradation. Traditional detection technologies often face high cost , non-biodegradable, and energy - intensive . This study explores the development of living biosensors that utilise bio-computing principles for eco-friendly pollutant detection that is aligning with the goal of green chemistry and sustainable development to a greater extent . The objective talks about a conceptual framework for microbial biosensors capable of performing complex biology computation to detect heavy metals and other organic toxins through gene circuit logic . Engineered microbial strains were modelled with synthetic promoters that triggers a visible response much like green fluorescence and colour change detections . The mechanism replicates digital computation within a biological context , enabling real-time , self-sustaining detection without heavy electronic components . The proposed model demonstrates that bio-computing can be a game changer in the detection of unknown pollutants in more efficient ways , as they are biodegradable , self- replicating , and low-energy alternatives to traditional chemical and electronic detectors. They offer a scalable with addition of sustainable solution for environmental monitoring and industrial waste management
Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and their Multifunctional Applications
Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are nanomaterials combined with two different metal atoms. They can be categorized based on their size, origin, and structure, and they can be produced through physical, chemical, and biological processes (1). BMNPs possess excellent thermal and chemical stability, adjustable electrical and optical characteristics, and improved catalytic performance arising from the synergistic interaction between different metal components (2). The green synthesis of BMNPs has been widely recognized as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to fabricating advanced functional materials. By relying on renewable resources like plants (e.g., neem and aloe vera), biopolymers (like chitosan), and microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi), they are commonly used among other natural sources and minimize both harmful chemical usage and energy demands relative to conventional processes (3). For example, BMNPs like Cu–Ni, Cu–Pt, Fe–Ni, Fe–Ti, and Fe–Mn are used for dye degradation and wastewater treatment (4); Au–Fe NPs and Ni–Co NPs serve as CT/MRI contrast agents; Fe–MgO NPs and Fe–TiO₂ NPs are utilized for wastewater remediation; Cu–AgO NPs is applied in biosensors; ZnO–Ag NPs is effective for dye degradation and antimicrobial activity; Fe–CuO NPs aid in magnetic separation and pollution control; Ag–Bi₂O₃ NPs and ZnO–Bi₂O₃ NPs are employed for photocatalysis; CuO–Bi₂O₃ NPs is used in supercapacitors and batteries; and FeO–ZnO NPs are designed for antibacterial coatings and water purification. Future prospects lie in optimizing synthesis parameters for wider production, exploring novel biogenic precursors, and integrating these materials into multifunctional devices for energy, environmental remediation, and healthcare sectors (5). However, many preparation procedures are expensive, difficult, and unscalable, limiting industrial use. BMNPs' toxicity and environmental consequences are unknown, causing disposal and health issues. Addressing these will be critical for advancing green synthesised BMNPs from laboratory research for industrial applications, supporting sustainable development goals, and technological innovation.
The exponential expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has brought about an environmental crisis defined by excessive cooling system water consumption and carbon emissions. Conventional evaporative cooling technologies utilize around 1.5 billion liters of water every day for the world's AI infrastructure, while specific hyperscale data centers consume between 2.5 billion liters every year. This compounds water scarcity in drought-sensitive areas while also leading to thermal pollution. This project explores environmentally friendly replacement technologies for the cooling technologies that are water-intensive. Namely, immersion cooling, free-air cooling, and new heat recovery technologies. Objectives: To evaluate the environmental impacts of conventional AI cooling technologies and analyse the potential of water-free versions for environmental footprint minimization. Methodology: A detailed literature review and comparison of cooling technologies conducted to analyze energy efficiency ratios, utilization of water factors, and carbon discharge statistics of hyperscale and enterprise data centers across a number of climate zones. Results: Immersion cooling showed 91-95% water reduction relative to conventional technologies, while free-air cooling showed 90% or higher energy efficiency for temperate conditions. Heat recovery technologies facilitated thermal energy recovery for co-location facilities. These alternatives lower water consumption by as much as 665 million liters per year per 100MW facility while lowering Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) from 1.58 to 1.05-1.10, thereby making significant strides towards the vision of sustainable AI infrastructure construction.
Click Chemistry: Sustainable Approach to Strategic Bonding
This presentation aims to explore how click chemistry captures the essence of green chemistry in reactions that bring together precision, modularity, and environmental sustainability. The discussion takes copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and its copper-free equivalent (SPAAC) as central examples. The reactions are explored against the twelve principles of green chemistry, with a special focus on atom economy, reaction efficiency, and reduction of toxic reagents and solvents. Evidence from literature and recent applications in drug design and materials science are used to illustrate the sustainability metrics of such click processes. Click chemistry is highly selective, quantitative in yield, and tolerant of functional groups under mild aqueous conditions. The absence of heavy-metal catalysts in SPAAC enhances biocompatibility and reduces the volume of purification waste. Collectively, these traits reduce environmental impact while increasing synthetic reliability. Click chemistry represents a convergence of innovation and sustainability in the form of a reproducible and scalable system for green synthesis. Its adaptability across disciplines like biological, material science, and environmental domains highlights how molecular precision can align with ecological, ethical and economic priorities in modern chemical practice.
Harnessing Nature-Based Solutions for Water Purification and Sustainable Agriculture: Advancing SDG 6
Access to clean water and sanitation is challenged by several critical factors, including population growth, pollution, agriculture being the largest consumer of freshwater, and climate change. Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) aims to address the challenges mentioned above. The nature-based solutions (NbS) utilise natural processes to enhance water quality and strengthen ecosystem resilience, directly supporting SDG targets 6.3 (water quality) and 6.6 (ecosystem protection). The microbial communities perform bioremediation for wetland restoration and riparian buffer zones, which act as a natural filtration system. NbS methods for the agricultural sector include agroforestry, organic soil enhancers, conservation tillage, etc., to reinforce the ecosystem services. Heavy metals, fertilisers, and organic contaminants are successfully removed from water bodies using techniques including charcoal filtration, algal remediation, bioremediation, and nanomaterial-based solutions. This article aims to discuss the implementation of such sustainable NbS and green catalytic methods that can prevent toxic byproducts from industrial wastewater treatment from entering the aquatic biome. Incorporating NbS into policy frameworks and securing sustainable financing are vital steps for achieving long-term water security and sustainable development by 2030.
An Integrated Data Science Pipeline for Biological and Environmental Insights: AI-Driven Trend Detection Aligned with Ecological and Sustainable Development Goals
The main objective of this work is to develop a comprehensive data science pipeline for the collection, integration, and analysis of biological, ecological, and environmental datasets to support ecological goals and the Sustainable Development Agenda. The system aims to enable data-driven insights that contribute to sustainable growth and environmental preservation. The methodology involves gathering data from governmental websites using web scraping techniques and custom-developed tools, along with accepting experimental or observational data from independent sources. A variety of AI techniques, such as cloud-based platforms and locally optimized models tailored for ecological research and SDGs, are implemented for analytical processing. The results indicate that the proposed pipeline facilitates improved pattern recognition, comparative analysis, and predictive evaluation for ecological and environmental sustainability. Its modular and adaptive framework supports extensions such as automated reporting and real-time environmental monitoring.
Biodegradable polymers for sustainable PCBs
The printed circuit board (PCB), serving as an intermediary between physical components and intricate electrical designs, physically supports and connects various electronic devices for constructing sophisticated systems. Among all commonly used substrates for both insulation and structural integrity within printed circuit boards, FR4, which is a composite of fibreglass reinforced in a polymer matrix, is unique and used on a large scale. It exhibits high strength and rigidity, high melting point and low moisture absorption, which makes it perfect for PCB designing. However, with rising global e-waste levels, the disposal of PCBs poses significant challenges, as they are harmful to the environment, difficult to recycle, and resource-intensive. Conventional methods for recycling components in PCBs often exhibit poor efficacy due to demanding procedures like thermal treatments and intense pressures. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) are explored in this work. These two polymers are not only 100% biodegradable and compostable but also easy to mold and print, and are resistant to many organic solvents. However, these two biopolymers find application in low-power circuits owing to their low melting points of about 130–180 ◦C for PLA, and 170–180 ◦C for PHB, respectively, so they cannot withstand the high-temperature soldering process (up to 260 ◦C). Thus, these polymers lack adequate thermal insulation, resulting in diminished structural integrity and increased susceptibility to moisture ingress relative to standard FR-4 substrate material. This review involves a comparative analysis based on existing research studies focusing on the mechanical and thermal performances of PLA and PHB. The objective of this study is to show that by combining PLA and PHB with additives such as cellulose nanocrystals to improve thermal resistance, along with fibres like jute or hemp for enhanced tensile properties and glass/carbon fibres for increased stiffness and reduced water absorption, this composite material could serve as an environmentally friendly substitute for conventional FR-4 circuit boards in applications requiring significant electrical conductivity.
Advancing Eco-Efficient Processes Across Pharmaceutical, Fragrance, and Agrochemical Sectors
Growing environmental concerns and the urgent need for sustainable industrial operations have accelerated the adoption of green methodologies across the pharmaceutical, perfumery, and agrochemical sectors. Green chemistry provides a foundational framework for designing processes that minimize waste generation, reduce toxicity, enhance energy efficiency, and promote the use of renewable and biodegradable resources. In the pharmaceutical industry, eco-efficient strategies such as solvent-free synthesis, biocatalysis, microwave-assisted reactions, and flow chemistry improve atom economy, shorten reaction times, and significantly reduce hazardous by-products. These innovations not only improve process safety but also align with regulatory requirements for sustainable drug development. The perfumery sector is transitioning from conventional solvent-based extraction toward environmentally benign techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and enzymatic biotransformation. These methods yield higher product purity, lower volatile organic compound emissions, and reduce overall environmental impact. Similarly, the agrochemical industry is integrating biodegradable pesticides, bio-based formulations, precision delivery systems, and green nanotechnology to maintain crop productivity while safeguarding soil, water, and ecosystem health. The use of controlled-release formulations and microbial-based pesticides further enhances sustainability and reduces resistance development. Collectively, these industries are moving toward circular economy models and sustainable production systems that optimize resource utilization, lower carbon footprints, and comply with global environmental regulations. The adoption of life cycle assessment (LCA) and green metrics enables better evaluation of process sustainability. Overall, the key principles, recent technological advancements, and future prospects of green methodologies highlight their pivotal role in transforming traditional industrial practices into cleaner, safer, and more resilient systems that support long-term sustainable development.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Spectrophotometric and Medicinal Aspects of Ruthenium as its Coordination Compounds
Numerous scientific groups have been actively working on inorganic antitumor drugs for a long time and they have developed a number of metal complexes, particularly those involving ruthenium in different oxidation states. Due to their low systemic toxicity and selective antimetastatic effects against animal models, ruthenium complexes are currently a hot topic in medicinal chemistry. Ruthenium compounds seem to bind to DNA and enter tumour cells fairly well. Besides their antitumor activity, ruthenium complexes are also being evaluated against other diseases like type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, HIV etc. Ruthenium coordination and organometallic chemistry have seen tremendous expansion and assessment in recent years. The primary focus in the analytical measurement of ruthenium and potential as bioactive agents in medicine of the coordination complexes of ruthenium with various ligands, stems from its unique properties and its status as a valuable platinum group metal. The formation of Ruthenium-based complexes and their extensive applications in the fields like biology, nanoscience, medicine, photoactive materials, production of solar cells, catalysis, incorporation into platinum and palladium alloys have been the subject of numerous publications in recent years. Ruthenium's special capacity to exist in several oxidation states may be connected to these developments. For these reasons, a wide array of analytical methods for the metal’s determination have been successfully developed. Amongst all, UV/VIS spectrophotometric methods of determination, due to their simplicity, cost effectiveness, rapid analysis procedures and versatility, are put together in the present article. The review also examines the ruthenium complexes with potential medicinal applications.
Role of anion•••π interactions in photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction
Inspired by biological processes, anion•••π interactions1 have been explored in multidisciplinary areas of research such as recognition and sensing2, catalysis3, etc. Because of the weak nature of anion•••π interactions, such interaction is still a challenging task to explore in an artificial system, especially in a polar solvent(s). In this presentation, we will discuss the role of the anion (as template) in photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction through anion•••π interactions to form a four-membered cyclic ring. The hydrogen atom of such a four-membered ring is very sensitive to pH and temperature. The main problem is the removal of the template after the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. Anion (as a template) can be removed easily. The complete process and role of anion•••π interactions will be discussed in the present conference. Keywords: Anion•••π interactions, photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction, hydrogen-bond.
AI and Electronic Waste: The Double-Edged Sword of Progress
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various industries, driving innovations and efficiencies that were once unimaginable. However, as with any technological advancement, AI's growth brings with it a dual-edged sword, particularly concerning its impact on electronic waste. E-waste or electronic waste is defined as any electrical or electronic component which has been discarded by the owner without any intention of reusing it. One of the primary ways AI contributes to the growing e-waste problem is through the rapid turnover of technology. AI systems require high-performance hardware to function efficiently, leading to the frequent obsolescence of older devices. The demand for more powerful processors, enhanced memory, and specialized chips like Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has skyrocketed, leading to the quicker replacement of electronic devices. This cycle of upgrading accelerates the accumulation of e-waste, as consumers and businesses alike discard outdated hardware to stay competitive in an AI-driven world. The current paper is an attempt to identify the dual effect of Artificial Intelligence on electronic waste. Ironically, AI powered Information Technology sector is the reason for creation of heaps of e-waste, and it is the major sector which can provide solutions for dealing with it. With the advent of AI in all spheres of life, AI is creating an impact in the field of e-waste management as well. The role of AI in management of e-waste can be understood by adoption of AI-powered software, predictive maintenance powered by AI-driven data analysis, AI-driven image recognition, AI-powered sorting machines, mobile robotic systems, integration of machine learning with IoT, convolutional neural network (CNN), AI based Decision Support System and using AI assistance for urban mining. AI-driven solutions can enhance the efficiency of e-waste management processes, making it easier to sort, recycle, and repurpose electronic components. The domain of AI is very vast and can be catalyst in shaping the landscape for e-waste management. Furthermore, AI can play a role in designing more sustainable electronics. Through advanced simulations and modeling, AI can help engineers develop devices that are easier to recycle, contain fewer hazardous materials, and are more energy efficient. These design improvements can contribute to reducing the overall environmental footprint of electronic devices. The impact of AI on e-waste is indeed a two-sided coin. While the rapid technological advancements driven by AI contribute to the growing e-waste problem, AI also offers innovative solutions to mitigate this issue. To truly harness AI's potential in reducing e-waste, it is essential for stakeholders, including manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers, to adopt a holistic approach. This involves promoting sustainable design, encouraging responsible consumption, and investing in AI-driven recycling technologies. By balancing the scales, AI can be a force for both innovation and sustainability in the electronic age.
Flavonols Derived Platinum Group Metal Complexes as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents
Platinum group metal (PGM) complexes have attracted a lot of interest in medicinal chemistry, especially in the treatment of cancer because of their strong cytotoxic qualities. Platinum-based complexes, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, are essential chemotherapeutic medicines that have transformed the treatment of cancer. In the present work, the two chromogenic reagents derived from flavonol family viz. 3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (HMPC) and 3-hydroxy-2-tolyl-4H-chromen-4-one complex (HToC) have been selected to prepare platinum and iridium complexes. The anti-proliferative potential of the three complexes related with PGMs, wasinvestigated against HaCat cancer cell line by applying MTT reduction assay. HaCaT cancer cell line is keratinocyte cell line derived from adult human skin. A comparison between the examined complexes indicated that the complexes of platinum metal in its divalent state have proven to be more potent anticancer agents as compared to those of iridium in the metal’s trivalent state. The results finally suggested that PGM complexes with a logical design may help create next-generation anticancer medications that are more effective than the existing ones.
Role of National Green Tribunal in Protection of Minorities in India: An Environmental Issue
A specialized court in India, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) was created by the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 with the goal of resolving environmental issues as quickly as possible. The NGT seeks to balance the needs of development and environmental protection by offering efficient legal remedies for environmental problems. Although addressing ecological issues is the tribunal's main responsibility, it also plays a vital role in defending the rights of vulnerable and marginalized groups, such as minorities, who are frequently disproportionately impacted by climate change and environmental degradation. By addressing ecological concerns that disproportionately affect marginalized groups, the NGT upholds the principles of environmental justice thereby contributing to the broader framework of human rights and social equity in India. The study critically assesses landmark NGT judgments and their impact on environmental protection and conservation of forests and natural resources. While it’s primary focus is on environmental issues, its role indirectly contributes to the protection of minorities communities in India, who are often disproportionately affected by environmental degradation.
Effect of substituents on mutual induced-fit controlled hydrogen-bonded capsule formation
The mutual induced-fit process, well known in biological systems, involves the cooperative interaction of multiple components. However, mimicking this process in artificial systems, particularly using purely organic components, presents a significant challenge. In this study, we explore the role of substituents in enhancing the mutual induced-fit effect, leading to signal amplification in hydrogen-bonded capsule formation. Two distinct, highly flexible ligands an N-bridged tripodal ligand and a triazine-bridged ligand were employed. The N-bridged ligand acts as a molecular clip, inducing a cone-shaped conformation in the triazine-bridged adduct. This conformation undergoes solvent polarity-dependent hydrogen-bonded capsule formation, yielding a single product. In the absence of the N-bridged ligand, only 50% capsule formation was observed through ¹H NMR at 100 mM concentration. However, in its presence, mutual interactions drive the system into a stable cone-shaped conformation, achieving 100% capsule formation, independent of concentration. The entire process is characterized by IR spectroscopy, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra, concentration-dependent ¹H NMR titration, ¹H-¹H COSY, ¹H-¹H NOESY, DOSY NMR, high-resolution ESI mass spectrometry, and energy-minimized structural analysis.
Synthesis, Characterization of Fe(III), Zr(OH)2(IV), MoO2(IV) and Cd(II) complexes, Biological Activity, DFT and Molecular Docking Studies
A series of novel metal complexes of Fe(III), Zr(OH)2(IV), MoO2(IV) and Cd(II) were synthesized through the condensation reaction of a Schiff base, derived from thiosemicarbazide and p-chlorobenzaldehyde with their respective metal salts. The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. Additionally, molar conductivity, magnetic moment measurements and elemental analyses were conducted to further confirm the structures. The molecular structures of the ligand and its complexes were optimized using Gaussian 09 and the resulting structural parameters were analyzed. Quantum chemical properties of these compounds were predicted and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against fungal and bacterial strains. Molecular docking studies were performed with DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) using Autodock4 to investigate their potential biological interactions.
Mass Attenuation Coefficient of Some Bismuth-Based Alloys for Gamma-Ray Shielding: Theoretical and Experimental Approach
Bismuth-based alloys have gained significant attention for their potential use in gamma-ray shielding applications due to their high atomic number and non-toxic nature compared to conventional lead-based materials. In this study, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of bismuth-based alloys was determined using both theoretical and experimental approaches. Theoretical values were obtained using the WinXCom software, which provides photon interaction cross-sections for various energies. Experimentally, the mass attenuation coefficient was measured using the narrow beam geometry method with gamma-ray sources of varying energies. The results from both methods were analyzed and compared to assess the accuracy of WinXCom in predicting attenuation properties. Further, the role of preliminary computations of optimum thickness range for alloy samples play a vital role in obtaining accurate results. The findings indicate that bismuth-based alloys exhibit promising attenuation characteristics, making them viable candidates for radiation shielding applications in medical, industrial, and nuclear environments.
Evaluation of Radiation Shielding Potential of Bismuth Boro-Tellurite Glasses
The increasing demand for effective and environment friendly radiation shielding materials has led to the exploration of bismuth boro-tellurite glasses as potential alternatives to conventional lead materials. This study investigated the radiation shielding potential of bismuth tellurite glasses having composition 15B₂O₃-xBi₂O₃-(85-x)TeO₂ where x =35, 40, 45, 50, 55 mol % & analyzed the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), effective atomic number (Zeff) & electron density (Ne) over a wide photon energy range of 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV using WinXcom software. The dependence of Zeff and Ne on photon energy and Bi₂O₃ concentration was evaluated to assess the material's radiation shielding efficiency. The results indicated that the increasing Bi₂O₃ content enhances the photon attenuation due to the high atomic number and density of bismuth. It has been observed that the G5 glass sample exhibiting the maximum value of mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), effective atomic number (Zeff) & electron density (Ne) and can be used as a promising material for radiation protection applications in nuclear medicine, space technology and high-energy physics.
A benzopyran based optical sensor for the selective trace determination of Pd (II): Analytical investigation and computational calculations
Abstract Determination of palladium is essential owing to the element's toxic ecological effects on biological systems. Due to the element's noxious and amiable characteristics, there has been a great deal of interest in identifying and detecting its presence in a variety of natural as well as commercial samples. Hence, a thorough spectrophotometric investigation is conducted regarding the trace Pd (II) determination in organic phase via its reaction with 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (HPC), a chromogenic reagent derived from benzopyrans and acting as an optical sensor for the metal to be determined. The optimal reaction conditions for formulation of the intricate structure of the developed complex are depicted, in order to ensure the element’s determination. The foundation of this study is based upon sensing Pd (II) by its colour complexation with the sensor, HPC, that resulted into a stable binary yellow complex with a λmax at 417-432 nm. Stoichiometric ratio of the studied Pd (II)-HPC complex as deduced from Job’s continuous variations and mole ratio approach has been 1:2 [M:L]. Analytical findings support a square planar geometry of the investigated coordination complex. High reproducibility of the outcomes is further supported by statistical evidences, including attenuation coefficient (ε = 1.9159×104 L mol-1 cm-1), standard deviation (SD = ± 0.00184), Sandell’s sensitivity (S = 0.0055 μg cm-2), detection limit (LOD = 0.1122 μg mL -1) and regression coefficient (r = 0.9975). A variety of commercial samples have been analysed with remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision, under set conditions of the procedure. The theoretical studies have been conducted to enhance our comprehension of the complex's molecular geometry and structural attributes. Density Functional Theory (DFT), with method PBE/def2-TZVP, for quantum chemical computations, successfully assisted in identifying and interpreting chemical behaviour of the acquired Pd (II)-HPC complex elucidating the chemical interactions, its stability and reactivity trends. DFT, has a strong correlation with the analytical research, proving that the studied complex behaves as a strong biological agent. The studied complex was indeed subjected to antimicrobial and antioxidant studies, the results of which reflected that the Pd (II)-HPC complex has a strong potential to act as a strong antimicrobial and a radical scavenging agent.
Selective sensing of Hg2+ ion by N-bridged ligand
Mercury is one of the most dangerous metal ions from environmental, health and agricultural point of view. Therefore, selective sensing of mercury is very crucial and challenging task. In this presentation, we will discuss about selective sensing of Hg2+ ion by N-bridged neutral ligand from mechanistic point of view. In the present sensing, the original ligand is fluorescent and only in the presence of Hg2+ ion the yellow colour solution of ligand turns to violet colour and thus it works in switch-off mode.
Structural tunning of hydrogen-bonded motifs in response of an external stimuli to form 2D-sheet and 3D-HOFs from 1D-chain in the solid-state
Molecules in their solid state are tightly packed through various modes of interaction, and their crystal forms are highly fragile in response to external stimuli/disturbance, especially if they are connected through weak hydrogen bonds. In this presentation, we are going to highlight the transformation of anion-templated hydrogen-bonded 1D motifs to 2D-sheet1 and 3D-HOFs2, respectively, in response to an external stimulus such as light and heat. During this transformation, molecule covers a remarkable distance in their corresponding crystal forms, stabilized by anion•••π interactions. In this presentation, we will discuss the complete process with mechanistic studies.